Notes: This is a heavy Russian artillery rocket system on a MAZ-543A heavy truck chassis. The system consists of a battery FDC on a Kamaz-4310 truck, a MAZ-543A resupply vehicle, and a command and staff vehicle based on another version of the Kamaz-4310. This system is relatively rare, since it was designed to be employed at the Front level and used only to attack artillery and missile concentrations and stubborn enemy resistance points. Besides Russia, this system is used by the United Arab Emirates and India.

Notes: This heavy artillery rocket system is normally deployed at Division level, to attack artillery and rocket positions, strongpoints, and particularly stubborn points of enemy resistance. In some units, it has replaced the BM-21 MRL. It is mounted on a Zil-135 chassis, and the system includes a battery FDC based on a BTR-80 command vehicle chassis, and a resupply vehicle based on a Zil-135 chassis, with a crane and special racks for the rocket packs. The FDC vehicle has a fire direction computer that takes into account position, elevation, target location, wind, and weather, and automatically relays that information to the firing vehicle. Fire is normally very accurate. This system is used by Russia, Syria, and Afghanistan.

Notes: This multiple rocket launcher was first placed in service in 1964. By 2000, it is in limited use by Russian and Pact Airborne forces, but its primary use is in the armies of a variety of Russian client and former-client states. The vehicle consists of either a 16-tube (BM-14-16) or 17-tube (BM-14-17) launcher for 140mm RPU-14 artillery rockets, which have been in use since World War 2. The launcher is mounted on a GAZ-63 light truck chassis. The rockets may be fired individually or ripple-fired at a rate of 2 rounds per second (10 per phase). A control box attached to the vehicle by a 20-meter cable gives the launch commands. It is designed to be airdropped and slung from helicopters. In most countries, more versatile 122mm-based launchers have superseded the BM-14.

Notes: This vehicle is one of dozens of 122mm multiple rocket launcher vehicles, perhaps the most common of those in service. Though it is not related to the Katyushas of World War 2 fame, these launchers (and their towed counterparts) were often referred to by that name by the press and by some Western military personnel; the Russian name is the Grad (Hailstorm). The system consists of 40 tubes for 122mm rockets mounted on a Ural-375 truck chassis. Two of the crew are carried in the cab; the other ride in a seat on the outside of the vehicle forward of the MRL array. Before the MRL is fired, the vehicle is stopped and the launcher turned obliquely or perpendicularly to the cab; if this is not done, the cab, engine and rear crew seat will be destroyed. The launcher is connected to a launching box by a 20-meter cable; alternatively, the BM-21 may be connected by a cable to an FDC vehicle that fires the MRL with more precise information. The rockets may be fired singly or ripple fired at the rate of 2 rockets per second (10 rockets per phase).

Twilight 2000 Notes: The BM-21 was in use by some 50 countries during the Twilight War, perhaps being the most common artillery piece of the war.

Merc 2000 Notes: Plentiful and cheap, the Grad could be found almost everywhere in the world.

Notes: The FROG (Free Rocket Over Ground)-7 is a large artillery rocket that looks more like a small missile, but is in fact an unguided rocket. Accuracy is very poor with these weapons (-2 to skill rolls). Though this weapon was largely replaced in Russia by the SS-21 tactical missile, it is still used by Afghanistan, Algeria, Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Egypt, Iraq, North Korea, Libya, Poland, Romania, Syria, Yemen, and Yugoslavia. The FROG-7 is capable of carrying nuclear warheads, but these will not be dealt with here or in the Artillery Rockets section. The rocket is carried on a modified Zil-135 heavy truck chassis, almost completely filling the cargo area, and with the end extending over the cab. A resupply vehicle exists, based on the same Zil-135 chassis; this vehicle has cranes for transferring the rockets, and carries 3 rockets in special racks.

Twilight 2000 Notes: Some of these missiles were also used during the Twilight War by Category 3 and Mobilization-Only units.

Notes: The TOS-1 consists of an armored launch structure mounted on a highly modified T-72 tank chassis. The vehicle was designed to provide a well-protected fire support capability to highly mobile tank and motorized infantry divisions. The rockets normally fired by the TOS-1 are thermobaric-warhead rockets; a salvo by a TOS-1 is capable of causing an incredible amount of damage to all but heavily-armored targets.

Twilight 2000 Notes: This new Russian multiple rocket launcher was first spotted by US Army Ranger reconnaissance teams operating in central Iran in 1997. Subsequent sightings were made in Poland, Latvia, the Ukraine, Czechoslovakia, and Romania in subsequent months and years.

Merc 2000 Notes: These vehicles were a favorite of dictators throughout the Russian sphere of influence.