Notes: This is an Israeli-upgraded M-4 Sherman tank. These vehicles were out of active service by the late 1960s, being far outclassed by more modern tanks, but were kept for training purposes and reserve duties for a while before finally being relegated to museums and Third World countries like Chile. The Isherman replaces the main gun with a 105mm French gun designed specifically for it (the 105mm NATO gun having too much recoil and too long a gun barrel for small Sherman chassis). The radio operator and his hull machinegun have been removed, the position being filled with extra ammunition. The Isherman has been re-engined with a more economical diesel engine, and appliqué armor has been added. It should be noted that the Israelis do not call this tank the Isherman; this was an appellation hung on it by the Western press (Isherman = I-Sherman = Improved Sherman).

Twilight 2000 Notes: By the latter days of the Twilight War, they were pressed into front-line service for home defense and for infantry fire support duties.

Notes: A few rare Israeli M-60A1s have had their 105mm gun replaced with a 120mm NATO gun, and have had some other improvements. These were done more as an experiment than anything else at first, but Israel saw the export possibilities of the upgrade package and has been offering it on the world market, with little success in a market glutted with cheap Russian, Chinese, for former Warsaw Pact tanks and tank upgrades.  The Israelis also sort of shot themselves in the foot, offering better upgrades than this one shortly after coming up with the M-60A1/120.

Twilight 2000 Notes: Israel modified about one-fourth of its M-60s to this standard before the start of the Twilight War, and several afterwards. In addition, some M-60s modified in this manner were sent to China to help them counter the Russian invasion.

Notes: The Israeli Magach-7 is a heavily modified M-60A3 main battle tank. Modifications consist of thick, spaced armor being added to the hull front and sides and turret front and sides. The main gun has been fully stabilized and a thermal sleeve and fume extractor have been added, and the gun and coaxial machinegun has been linked to a laser rangefinder with ballistic computer. In addition, the capability to fire second-generation APFSDS rounds has been added. The engine has been replaced with a more powerful one to cope with the increased weight. The Turks are looking hard at this upgrade as well as the Magach-7d for its aging fleet of M-60 tanks.

Twilight 2000 Notes: At least 150 of the Magach-7s were ready for the Twilight War.

Merc 2000 Notes: This is a popular export item, though Turkey and China are the only countries officially using them.

Notes: This version of the Magach-7 has "saucer"-shaped armor for the turret and better armor for the hull, resulting in superior protection and better armor sloping for less shot traps. This vehicle is mistakenly called the Magach-8 by Jane's.

Notes: This is the first iteration of the Israeli Merkava series, first introduced in 1982. The layout of the Merkava is unconventional, with the turret and crew compartments to the rear of the vehicle and the engine up front. This was done to improve crew survival in the case of an armor-penetrating hit on front quarter. The vehicle has a hatch on the center deck forward of the turret for the driver, and hatches in the turret for the commander and loader. The gunner uses either one of these hatches. There is another clamshell hatch on the rear for crew escape or access under fire. The turret is of low cross section with a large basket at the rear for crew gear. The Merkava can carry 6 passengers, one for each 12 rounds of main gun ammunition removed. Normally, the passenger space is filled with main gun ammunition, of which the Merkava carries a large supply. The Merkava Mk 1 has a 60mm mortar that is muzzle-loaded from the outside of the turret.

Notes: Production of this version began shortly after the adoption of the Merkava in 1983, and continued until 1989. It is basically the Merkava Mk 1 with extra armor (including composites) and an improved fire control system. In addition, the transmission has been improved leading to an increase in range. The 60mm mortar can be loaded and fired from within the turret without exposing the crew to enemy fire.

Notes: The Merkava 3 features a larger gun, a threat warning system, and more advanced modular armor that can be changed in the field. A more powerful engine has been put in the Merkava Mk 3, and air conditioning has been added. Up to 6 passengers may be carried by removing 9 main gun rounds per passenger.

Notes: This is a greatly-upgraded Mk 3, with additional armor, a more powerful engine, and larger hull. The turret controls are all-electrical. The loader’s hatch in the turret is eliminated, leaving only the commander’s hatch. The main gun is an L/55 model similar to those being fielded for the Leopard 2A6. The fire control system is the most advanced available and is capable of tracking even slow-moving aircraft and helicopters. The rear of the hull has a camera to assist the driver in backing the tank. Belly armor is increased along with the rest of the armor. The Merkava Mk 4 is equipped with a countermeasure system similar to that of the Shtora-1 of Russian tanks; when an incoming round is detected, a small missile is fired into the path of the incoming round to intercept it. This system has 10 such missiles, and they are 25% likely to intercept an incoming main gun round, or 75% likely to intercept an incoming ATGM or rocket launcher round. The ability to carry passengers is retained; up to 8 may be carried by removing 9 rounds of main gun ammunition per passenger.

Twilight 2000 Notes: This version of the Merkava does not exist in the Twilight 2000 timeline.

Merc 2000 Notes: Budget problems have delayed deployment until at least 2007.

Notes: This is an Israeli modification of the M-47, found in reserve and training roles and available for export. The improvements brought a new fire control system, engine, fuel tanks, and gun, as well as appliqué armor, bringing the vehicle close to the M-48/M-60 standard. This tank is often fitted with ERA (HF, TF, TS)

Notes: This is a version of the Magach-7 mounting a 120mm NATO cannon.  Though also aggressively marketed in the same manner as the Magach series and the M-60A1/120, it has as of yet seen no buyers, though there's a better chance that it will in the future.

Twilight 2000 Notes: Few were picked up for Israeli service, but some 200 were sold to Turkey to help replace their aging M-48 and M-60 tanks. The few used by Israel during the Twilight War were diverted from those shipments to replace Israeli tank losses.

Notes: This is a modernized British Centurion tank, many of which were supplied to Israel in the late 1950s and early 1960s, correcting many of the serious defects in the original Centurion. The engine has been changed to a more efficient diesel engine, fire control has been modernized, armor has been thickened, and an improved ammunition layout allows more to be carried. An improved fire extinguishing system, better electrical system and brakes, and an increased fuel capacity complete the modifications. The Sho’t can be distinguished from the Centurion by its raised rear deck, to accommodate the bigger engine. These vehicles are no longer in active Israeli service; most have been converted to APCs. The M-2HB is carried over the gun as sort of a second coaxial machinegun.

Notes: The Israelis have captured many T-62s. They are fitted with laser rangefinders and ballistic computers. Lugs for reactive armor are added to the glacis and turret. The gun is replaced with a NATO 105mm gun. The Israelis never had more than 100 of these conversions on hand, and most of them have been turned into gunnery targets or used in remote-control vehicle experiments.

Twilight 2000 Notes: Most of these vehicles have been retained for home defense.

Merc 2000 Notes: The upgrade kit that generated these vehicles has been a big moneymaker for Israel.