Notes: As Czechoslovakia’s M-53/59 self-propelled antiaircraft guns based on an armored truck chassis were getting old and the truck chassis were not very mobile off-road, Czechoslovakia decided to start, in the mid-1980s, to remove the antiaircraft guns from the M-53/59s and placing them on the chassis of BVP-1 infantry fighting vehicles, which were being phased out in favor of BVP-2s. A new commander’s hatch is installed to the front right of the turret, which is further to the rear than on a BVP-1. The turret is a two-man version, but it has no hatches, and the crew enters through the rear doors. Besides Czechoslovakia, this vehicle has also been seen in the hands of Angolan and Cuban soldiers.