Notes:
This Finnish wheeled armored personnel carrier is also in use by host of
nations, including Norway, Ireland, Netherlands, Austria, Denmark, Estonia,
Ghana, and Sweden. (The Dutch plan
to sell all of their Pasis to Estonia in the near future, as Finland has placed
severe restrictions and costs of a sale of new Pasis to Estonia and it will
allow the Dutch to buy other, more desirable vehicles, such as the Patria AMV.)
The members of the XA-180 series have seen considerable combat service with
various UN peacekeeping missions (including in Bosnia, Kosovo and Lebanon) and
in Afghanistan. Several APC-type
versions exist, from basic APCs to command versions to armored ambulances.
Several more specialist versions are made, including ATGM versions, a radar
carrier, SAM vehicles, and a mortar carrier for the AMOS system.
The vehicle designations typically follow the power of the engine in
kilowatts (for example, the XA-180 version’s engine puts out 180 kilowatts of
power).
Recently, development
and production of the XA-185 series has stopped, with Patria concentrating on
the AMV.
The Basic Vehicle: The XA-180
Production of
the XA-180 began in 1984; with production continuing until 1994. The XA-180
series is similar in appearance to the German Fuchs series, though it is more
heavily armored. The vehicle is
radiologically shielded and has an NBC overpressure system.
The commander is in the front of the hull on the right with the driver on
the left in a cab, with bullet resistant windows on the front and sides, and a
door on either side of the cab, and a hatch on the roof for the commander.
The driver has a vision block on his hatch which can be replaced with a
night vision block. The engine is to the rear of the driver, and the passenger
compartment behind that. There are hatches on the roof for standing infantrymen,
and doors on the rear of the hull with firing ports.
Armor for this version is relatively light compared to later members of
the XA-180 family, and the XA-180 is much lighter than later members; however,
extra attention has been paid to mine protection and floor armor. Front armor is
sharply sloped and the sides are moderately sloped.
Most countries using the original XA-180 have updated them to the XA-185
standard; Sweden and Ghana are an exception, and the Finnish Army still has a
small amount of base XA-180s which they loan out to the national police in
certain emergencies. The XA-180 is
in most countries is armed with a heavy machinegun in a gunner’s mount
surrounded by AV2 gun shields, though the Swedish XA-180S has the same turret as
the Pbv-302 APC. The commander’s
position is typically also equipped with a lighter machinegun. There are also
three firing ports on each side of the vehicle and two on the rear; these are
modified versions of the firing ports on a BMP IFV.
The XA-180 is equipped with a Valmet 611 DSBJA 236-horsepower diesel
engine coupled to an automatic transmission, and the vehicle has a 6x6
cross-country with run-flat tires. The
XA-180 is amphibious with almost no preparation, propelled by propellers at the
rear in the water. Estonian XA-180s
(designated XA-180EST) currently are equipped with the engine of the XA-185, but
are otherwise stock XA-180s.
Today, Patria
will replace the standard NSVT and PK machineguns on the XA-180 series with an
M-2HB and MAG upon request, or weapons of the customer’s request.
NATO users and some other countries take these options, replacing them
with M-2HBs and MAG machineguns.
There seems to
be considerable variance and confusion about the crew and passenger capacity of
the XA-180 series. The figure below is an average number.
The XA-185: The XA-180 Series Takes Off
Though Patria
had good success with the XA-180, they followed it with an improved version
called the XA-185, and the sales really took off at that point.
Production began in 1991. The XA-185 features improved armor, higher load
capacity, and a more powerful version of the XA-180’s engine developing 248
horsepower. The roof has one more
pair of hatches than on the XA-180. The XA-185 began the development of the
XA-180 series into a variety of different versions, including several APC
versions. The XA-185 is, however, a
heavier vehicle, so this more than negates the effect of the more powerful
engine. Versions include the basic
XA-185 (armed in a similar manner to the basic XA-180 above), the Norwegian
XA-186 version with slightly heavier armor, a fully-enclosed machinegun turret
and a commander’s machinegun,
command versions, communications vehicles (both in XA-185 and XA-186 form), and
armored ambulances. Command and
commo XA-186s have simple gunner’s and commander’s machinegun mounts; XA-186
ambulances are unarmed. Finnish XA-185-series vehicles use a complete all-welded
steel armored turret for the gunner’s position. The turrets of many of these
vehicles are also fitted with AT-4 ATGMs. (The figures below reflect this.)
While most Pasis have four smoke grenade launchers mounted on either side of the
front hull, the turreted Finnish versions have five smoke grenade launchers on
each side of the turret. Finland
offers this turreted version for sale (no takers yet), and will substitute the
machineguns and ATGM for versions which are chosen by the buyer.
Command versions
have two long-range, two medium-range, and two short-range radios; one of the
long-range radios is data capable, and the vehicle carries a ruggedized laptop
computer. GPS is installed along
with a backup inertial navigation system.
A hand-held thermal imager, image intensifier, and laser rangefinder is
provided. Map boards and stowage for maps, plotting supplies, and office-type
supplies is added. The ambulance
has room for two stretcher cases and five sitting casualties, along with a medic
in the rear. It has the equivalent
of two doctor’s medical bags, 20 personal medical kits, a set of splints,
bandages, and cravats and suchlike, and a small refrigerator for perishable
medical supplies. The
communications version has four long-range and four medium-range radios, a
switchboard, 20 field telephones, 200 meters of commo wire, spare parts for
radios, and appropriate supplies and tools. One long-range radio is data-capable
– to pass and send information from command post and other vehicles’ computers,
not because it has its own computer.
The Dutch XA-188
version has even heavier armor than the increase already afforded by even the
XA-186. It too comes in APC,
ambulance, and command versions, and the APC versions use the same turret as the
XA-186. The heavier weight and
difference in balance renders the XA-188 incapable of amphibious operations; the
rear of the vehicle typically have the rings that are normally around the
propellers, but the propellers and motors have been removed.
The XA-188’s are soon to be sold to Estonia. The XA-188’s are equipped
with a GPS navigation system.
Two IFV versions
of the XA-185 were heavily trialed, but never went into production: The
XA-185/25 and the XA-185/30. Both
were equipped with two-man turrets designed by the US/Canadian firm of Delco
(later part of GDLS); The XA-185-25 had the turret of a LAV-25, but the M-240
machinegun was replaced with a PK machinegun (though a MAG could be fitted upon
request). A TOW missile launcher on
either side of the turret is available upon request.
(The stats below reflect the use of these launchers.) The former
commander’s position is taken up by ammunition stowage. The armor of the turret
is upgraded, and is equivalent to the M-2A2 version of the M-2 Bradley IFV.
The XA-185-30 uses the same turret, but
is armed with a heavier autocannon.
Both are still offered for sale by Patria, but have had no takers.
The XA-200: The Latest Version
The XA-200
series looks larger and a bit lumpish due to the fact that its armor has been
increased even further – surpassing XA-188 levels.
Some countries also mount lugs on the hull sides and front for ERA.
The extra weight called for a more powerful engine, a Valmet 612 DWIBC
turbocharged diesel developing 271 horsepower, though the increase in power is
more than negated by the increase in weight.
The extra weight means that the XA-200 is not fully amphibious, but can
still ford 1.5 meters. The XA-200 is more modular in construction, and
maintenance is easier – a power pack replacement requires only 30 minutes,
versus 4 hours for earlier versions, and an air conditioning module can be
easily fitted. Numerous access
doors and panels allow for quicker access to components. Even the base armor is
modular, and can be increased at customer request if the customer is willing to
accept the increase in weight. Even the gun mounting is modular; Patria is
willing to put any armament on the XA-200 from a simple machinegun surrounded by
gun shields to a turret armed with a 90mm gun.
The XA-202S AWCV (Armored
Wheeled Combat Vehicle) is a Swedish command version of the XA-200, outfitted as
the XA-185 command version above, as well as a GPS system with inertial
navigation backup. A 10kW APU is
mounted to run vehicle electronics when the engine is off. The AWCV carries a
collapsing 24-meter antenna mast that automatically deploys guy ropes when
extended (10 minutes and two people to deploy). Large stowage boxes are located
on the rear hull deck.
In 1999, the
XA-203 version was introduced, which has a full machinegun turret, and better
floor armor. The turret has a
better night vision system. Armor
protection is further increased. Swedish versions of the XA-203 (the XA-203S)
are armed with the turret of a Pbv-302.
The XA-200
series is intended to be an interim upgrade, until the arrival of the AMV, in
Finnish service.
Vehicle |
Price |
Fuel Type |
Load |
Veh Wt |
Crew |
Mnt |
Night Vision |
Radiological |
XA-180 |
$42,784 |
D, A |
2.4 tons |
16 tons |
3+11 |
8 |
Passive IR (D) |
Shielded |
XA-180EST |
$42,829 |
D, A |
2.4 tons |
16 tons |
3+11 |
8 |
Passive IR (D) |
Shielded |
XA-180S |
$47,703 |
D, A |
2.3 tons |
16.4 tons |
3+11 |
8 |
Passive IR (D) |
Shielded |
XA-185 |
$44,674 |
D, A |
2.2 tons |
17.4 tons |
3+11 |
8 |
Passive IR (D) |
Shielded |
XA-185 w/Turret |
$69,167 |
D, A |
2.1 tons |
17.8 tons |
3+10 |
8 |
Passive IR (D, G), Image Intensification (G) |
Shielded |
XA-185 Command |
$291,381 |
D, A |
1.1 tons |
18.2 tons |
3+4 |
10 |
Passive IR (D) |
Shielded |
XA-185 Commo |
$50,772 |
D, A |
1.1 tons |
17.8 tons |
3+3 |
10 |
Passive IR (D) |
Shielded |
XA-185 Ambulance |
$51,538 |
D, A |
1.1 tons |
18 tons |
**** |
9 |
Passive IR (D) |
Shielded |
XA-186 |
$125,270 |
D, A |
2.1 tons |
18 tons |
3+10 |
8 |
Passive IR (D, G), Image Intensification (G) |
Shielded |
XA-186 Command |
$291,192 |
D, A |
1 ton |
18.4 tons |
3+4 |
10 |
Passive IR (D) |
Shielded |
XA-186 Commo |
$51,364 |
D, A |
1 ton |
18 tons |
3+3 |
10 |
Passive IR (D) |
Shielded |
XA-186 Ambulance |
$53,489 |
D, A |
1 ton |
18.2 tons |
**** |
9 |
Passive IR (D) |
Shielded |
XA-185/25 |
$88,836 |
D, A |
1.9 tons |
18.4 tons |
3+9 |
10 |
Passive IR (D, G), Image Intensification (G) |
Shielded |
XA-185/30 |
$91,908 |
D, A |
1.9 tons |
18.4 tons |
3+9 |
10 |
Passive IR (D, G), Image Intensification (G) |
Shielded |
XA-188 |
$145,808 |
D, A |
2 tons |
18.2 tons |
3+10 |
8 |
Passive IR (D, G), Image Intensification (G) |
Shielded |
XA-188 Command |
$291,758 |
D, A |
1 ton |
18.6 tons |
3+4 |
10 |
Passive IR (D) |
Shielded |
XA-188 Ambulance |
$74,027 |
D, A |
1 ton |
18.4 tons |
**** |
9 |
Passive IR (D) |
Shielded |
XA-200 |
$47,476 |
D, A |
1.9 tons |
22 tons |
3+10 |
10 |
Passive IR (D) |
Shielded |
XA-202 AWCV |
$328,126 |
D, A |
950 kg |
24 tons |
3+4 |
11 |
Passive IR (D) |
Shielded |
XA-203 |
$61,676 |
D, A |
1.7 tons |
22.5 tons |
3+10 |
10 |
Passive IR (D, G), Image Intensification (G), Thermal Imaging (G) |
Shielded |
XA-203S |
$57,595 |
D, A |
1.7 tons |
22.4 tons |
2+10 |
10 |
Passive IR (D, G), Image Intensification (G) |
Shielded |
Vehicle |
Tr Mov |
Com Mov |
Fuel Cap |
Fuel Cons |
Config |
Susp |
Armor |
XA-180 |
132/67 |
31/16/4 |
290 |
122 |
Stnd |
W(4) |
HF5 HS3
HR3* |
XA-180EST |
138/69 |
32/16/4 |
290 |
129 |
Stnd |
W(4) |
HF5 HS3
HR3* |
XA-180S |
129/65 |
30/16/4 |
290 |
125 |
CiH |
W(4) |
TF2 TS2
HR2 HF5
HS3 HR3* |
XA-185 |
130/66 |
30/15/4 |
325 |
129 |
Stnd |
W(4) |
HF8 HS4
HR3** |
XA-185 w/Turret |
127/65 |
29/15/3 |
325 |
132 |
Trtd |
W(4) |
TF4 TS4
TR4 HF8
HS4 HR3** |
XA-185 Command |
125/63 |
29/14/3 |
325 |
135 |
Stnd |
W(4) |
HF8 HS4
HR3** |
XA-185 Commo |
127/65 |
29/15/3 |
325 |
132 |
Stnd |
W(4) |
HF8 HS4
HR3** |
XA-185 Ambulance |
126/64 |
29/15/3 |
325 |
133 |
Stnd |
W(4) |
HF8 HS4
HR3** |
XA-186 |
126/64 |
29/15/3 |
325 |
133 |
Trtd |
W(4) |
TF4 TS4
TR4 HF9
HS5 HR3** |
XA-186 Command |
123/63 |
28/15/3 |
325 |
136 |
Stnd |
W(4) |
HF9 HS5
HR3** |
XA-186 Commo |
126/64 |
29/15/3 |
325 |
133 |
Stnd |
W(4) |
HF9 HS5
HR3** |
XA-186 Ambulance |
125/63 |
29/15/3 |
325 |
134 |
Stnd |
W(4) |
HF9 HS5
HR3** |
XA-185/25 & XA-185/30 |
123/63 |
28/15/3 |
325 |
136 |
Trtd |
W(4) |
TF11
TS8 TR6Sp
HF8 HS4
HR3** |
XA-188 |
125/63 |
29/15 |
325 |
134 |
Trtd |
W(4) |
TF4 TS4
TR4 HF10
HS5 HR4** |
XA-188 Command |
122/62 |
28/14 |
325 |
138 |
Stnd |
W(4) |
HF10 HS5
HR4** |
XA-188 Ambulance |
123/63 |
28/15 |
325 |
136 |
Stnd |
W(4) |
HF10 HS5
HR4** |
XA-200 |
113/57 |
26/13 |
325 |
163 |
Stnd |
W(4) |
HF12 HS6
HR4** |
XA-202 ACWV |
104/52 |
24/12 |
325 |
178 |
Stnd |
W(4) |
HF12 HS6
HR4** |
XA-203 |
111/56 |
25/13 |
325 |
168 |
Trtd |
W(4) |
TF4 TS4
TR4 HF12
HS6 HR4*** |
XA-203S |
111/56 |
25/13 |
325 |
166 |
CiH |
W(4) |
TF2 TS2
TR2 HF12
HS6 HR4*** |
Vehicle |
Fire Control |
Stabilization |
Armament |
Ammunition |
XA-180/XA-185/XA-185 Command/XA-185 Commo/XA-200/XA-202 ACWV/XA-203 |
None |
None |
NSVT or M-2HB, PKT (C) or MAG (C) |
1100x12.7mm or .50, 1700x7.62mm |
XA-180EST |
None |
None |
NSVT, PKT (C) |
1100x12.7mm, 1700x7.62mm |
XA-180S/XA-203S |
+2 |
None |
20mm
m/47D |
615x20mm |
XA-185 w/Turret |
+1 |
Fair |
NSVT, AT-4 ATGM Launcher |
1100x12.7mm, 5xAT-4 ATGMs |
XA-186/XA-188 |
+2 |
Fair |
M-2HB, MAG |
1100x.50, 1700x7.62mm |
XA-186 Command/XA-188 Command |
None |
None |
M-2HB, MAG (C) |
1100x.50, 1700x7.62mm |
XA-185/25 |
+1 |
Basic |
25mm
M-242 ChainGun, PKT or MAG, PKT or MAG (C), 2xTOW ATGM Launchers |
780x25mm, 2000x7.62mm, 4xTOW ATGMs |
XA-185/30 |
+1 |
Basic |
25mm
M-242 ChainGun, PKT or MAG, PKT or MAG (C), 2xTOW ATGM Launchers |
650x25mm, 2000x7.62mm, 4xTOW ATGMs |
*Floor armor for this version is 4.
** Floor armor for this version is 4; roof armor is 3.
***Floor armor for this version is 6; roof armor is 3.
****See Notes for Crew and passenger capacity.
Patria XA-360 AMV
Notes: Known
simply as the AMV (Armored Modular Vehicle) during its development (which
started in 1995), the XA-360 is a relatively recent addition to the world arms
scene, entering service with Finnish forces in 2004 and seeing its first combat
service with the Poles in Afghanistan in 2007.
As the name suggests, the XA-360 was designed to be a modular system –
including the ability to customize armor, weapons, turrets, engines, interior
layout, and even (in the case of the Polish version) the number of wheels on the
chassis. In addition to Finland,
the XA-360 series is used or will be used in the near future by Poland, Sweden,
South Africa, Croatia, Slovenia, and the United Arab Emirates; the XA-360 is
also being evaluated by the US Marines to possibly partially replace the LAV-25.
Several other countries are evaluating the XA-360. Patria has shown
itself to be lenient in granting production licenses, and also in working with
other arms manufacturers in customizing the XA-360 for use by other countries –
Rafael, Denel, Elbit,
Kurganmashzavod/KBP, Boeing, Lockheed Martin, Saab, Scania, and several other
arms manufacturers are supplying weapons, armor, electronics, and even complete
turrets for the XA-360. Patria offers the XA-360 in 6x6 and 8x8 versions
(originally a 10x10 version was planned as a chassis for heavier weapons
turrets, but the idea was dropped).
Currently, all versions of the XA-360 are 8x8 versions.
Unfortunately,
not all is rosy for the XA-360. The
biggest difficulty Patria has had is in fulfilling the unexpectedly high amount
of orders – several orders for the XA-360 have fallen behind in schedule as a
result. Patria recently signed a
deal with Lockheed Martin to build a large number of XA-360s on its production
lines in the US to make up for the shortfall, and it is also part of the reason
for its lenient allowance for license-production.
Nonetheless, Patria lost the large order they had from the Czech Republic
as a result of the production delays. Patria is also embroiled in lawsuits in
Slovenia and Croatia, whose governments allege that Patria bribed government
ministers to give favoritism to Patria over other companies’ vehicles.
However, the large orders continue, and will probably get larger as time
goes by. This scandal cost
Slovenian Prime Minister Janez Janša his job, and also cost some Croatian
cabinet ministers their jobs – though both countries were able to re-negotiate a
lower cost for their XA-360s as a result. Patria is also being investigated in
Finland in connection with these bribery allegations, with Patria’s former CEO
Jorma Wiitakorpi being arrested by Finnish authorities.
Sales have gone forward, however, though at a smaller volume in some
cases.
As stated, the
XA-360 is a modular chassis, lending it usable for many applications both
APC/IFV-type and other versions, ranging from specialist vehicles to ATGM
carriers to armored gun systems and autoloading mortars (including the AMOS
turret). Those other versions will
be covered in the appropriate sections of the site (eventually). Turrets as
heavy as those firing 105mm cannons from well-armored platforms have been
mounted on the XA-360 chassis in trials, and of course there is one of the
planned UAE versions, which will mount the turret of a BMP-3 on the XA-360
chassis.
Finnish
Versions
The primary
Finnish Army version is an ICV (Infantry Carrier Vehicle) mounting either an
M-2HB machinegun or an HK GMG on a Norwegian Kongsberg M-151 Protector RWS (a
licensed version, built in Finland, and called by Finland the Patria PML-127).
This provides a well-stabilized platform for the gun which aids the
gunner with a ballistic computer as well as a laser rangefinder, and has several
sensors ranging from telescopic day sights to advanced night vision.
The RWS is controlled by a gunner inside the armor envelope of the
vehicle, who controls his weapon via downlinked controls and monitors.
The gunner also has a hatch on the deck
of the vehicle to enter and exit and should he need to look out, and he can
control the RWS from this hatch.
The driver is in the front left of the vehicle, and the commander to his right,
with the engine in the front of the vehicle.
Armor is quite heavy, and can be supplemented by MEXAS steel/composite
appliqué armor. The basic chassis
is air-portable, with even one being able to carried in a C-130, though not with
appliqué armor attached and without the RWS attached.
Additional attention has been paid to floor armor; the XA-360’s floor
armor and suspension are said to be able to run over a mine or IED of
10-kilogram size with only the tires being damaged.
Frontal armor is said to be proof against even 30mm APFSDS autocannon
rounds if appliqué armor is mounted.
Two engines are
possible; one is a Scania DI-12 543-horsepower turbocharged diesel (the standard
engine for all forces so far, and the one reflected in the stats below), or a
Scania DC-12 480-horsepower turbocharged diesel
The suspension is 8x8, switchable to 8x4 for road use (with the rear set
of wheels being the drive wheels in this case). The rear four wheels steer
independently from the front four wheels to tighten the turning radius.
The standard ICV
version carries a crew of three, including the RWS gunner, and an infantry squad
of 8. The squad leader has access
to an LCD screen which allows him to see through the gunner’s sights and
sensors. There are no firing ports,
but there are four roof hatches for the infantrymen to stand in.
Troop access is through a rear door, between fuel tanks which are carried
in the rear of the vehicle on either side of the door.
A second infantry version, the IFV version (not a true IFV, as it has no
significant antitank capability), had a turret armed with Lockheed Martin LAV-30
turret armed with an autocannon and coaxial machinegun.
The sensor suite is similar to that of the RWS-equipped version, as is
gun stabilization. The turret in
this case is two-man, and the former commander’s position taken up by ammunition
stowage. The APC version has four
smoke grenade launchers on each side of the turret; the IFV version has five
smoke grenade launchers of each side of the turret.
Other Finnish
APC-type versions include a command version with several radios (essentially a
standard command fit), such as two short-range, two-medium-range, and two
long-range radios, one of which is data-capable.
The command version has a BMS and a ruggedized laptop computer, along
with considerable hard drive storage.
The command version has map boards, plotting supplies, and office-type
supplies, and stowage for it.
Armament is generally a simple heavy machinegun over the commander’s position,
sometimes surrounded by AV2 gun shields.
The ambulance version is unarmed, but has room for two stretcher cases
and five sitting casualties, along with a medic in the rear (and the commander
and driver are also generally medics).
The ambulance version has the equivalent of 20 personal medical kits and
two doctor’s medical bags, an assortment of splints, bandages, and cravats (and
other such supplies), an oxygen administration kit, a defibrillator, a small
refrigerator, a blanket warmer, a hot plate, and a small (30-liter) water tank.
Both the command version and the
ambulance version are based on the “high roof platform” chassis, which, as the
name suggests, features a rear area with a roofline raised by nearly a meter and
no turret of any sort.
Swedish versions
will be equipped the same as Finnish versions, except for the specific radio and
electronics fit. They plan for 133
total XA-360s, replacing the MT-LB and some of the BMP-1 force.
Slovenian
Versions
Slovenia was
originally to buy 135 XA-360s, though this number is likely to be amended
downwards in view of the bribery scandal which is still ongoing.
The Slovenian version is called the Svarun. Delivery began in 2008, but
most Slovenian XA-360s will not be available until 2011. Most will be armed with
Elbit OWS stations armed with a 30mm autocannon and a coaxial machinegun,
coupled to a ballistic computer and laser rangefinder and with good
stabilization for the armament, as well as extensive day and night vision
equipment. The gunner’s station is
similar to that of the Finnish ICV version.
The rest of the Slovenian infantry versions will be basically the same as
the Finnish ICVs, armed with the Kongsberg M-151 Protector RWS.
The smoke grenade fit four smoke grenade launchers on each side of the
turret. The first 13 of the Slovenian XA-360s were built by Patria in Finland,
but the rest will be built by the Slovenian companies of Gorenje and Rotis.
The Slovenians do not currently plan to buy or build command or ambulance
versions.
Croatian models
will be equipped the same, other than the specific fit of radios and some of the
electronics. They also plan to buy
some ambulance and command versions.
124 total are to be acquired. All vehicles are to be delivered from
Finland by 2012.
Polish
Versions
The Polish KTO
Rosomak (Kolowy Transporter Opencerzony;
Rosomak is Polish for Wolverine)
is so far the only version of the XA-360 which has seen combat service – it has
been used by Polish forces in Afghanistan since 2007.
The Rosomak is somewhat smaller than the standard XA-360, primarily
through the use of armor on the vehicle which is lighter in weight on the
vehicle. The lesser amount of armor
also shaves down the weight of the Rosomak; the Polish wanted it to be
air-transportable inside a C-130 Hercules, which the Polish are now using in
increasing numbers. The Rosomak is
also amphibious, using propellers in the water.
The Poles will eventually become the largest user of the XA-360; they
intend to have a force of 895 Rosomaks of several versions in service by 2018,
completely replacing their current fleet of OT-64 SKOTs and BWP-1 (BMP-1) IFVs
as well as some older armored ambulance and command vehicles.
The current
primary version of the Rosomak is equipped with a variant of the HITFIST turret
that is mounted on the Italian VCC-80 Dardo IFV.
The turret is equipped with advanced fire control and gun stabilization
devices as well as up-to-date observation and night vision gear.
The turret is also equipped with a soft-kill active protection system,
similar to the Russian Shtora-1 system, called Obra.
The APS system consists of sensors and equipment mounted atop the turret
and control systems mounted inside the turret and hull; the primary controls for
the system on the Rosomak are at the commander’s station.
The system includes an electro-optical jamming system to jam wire-guided
ATGMs (on a roll of 12+ on a d20, the difficulty to the ATGM gunner is increased
by one level; outstanding success indicates that the incoming missile
pre-detonates before it can hit the Rosomak).
A laser warning system is also included with the system; when the Rosomak
is being lased by a laser designator, an alarm sounds inside the Rosomak, and a
pair of smoke grenades are automatically launched to help obscure the Rosomak to
the laser beam. The laser warning
system can also be triggered manually by the commander. The smoke grenades can
also be triggered by the gunner manually if he feels it is necessary; the
Rosomak has six smoke grenade launchers on each side of the turret.
The APS system also includes a pair of IRCM lights (one on the turret on
each side of and above the main gun) that emit coded, pulsed IR beams to decoy
IR-guided munitions; their effectiveness is the same as listed for the
electro-optical jammer above, and both have a 360-degree range of protection, as
well as 180-degrees upwards. They
can also temporarily blind IR sights and image intensifiers; this is successful
on a roll of 8 on a d20 for IR sights and 5 for image intensifiers.
A computer is provided to tie all of this information from the APS system
and other sensors together. The turret has a gunner’s and commander’s station,
though only the commander has a hatch atop the turret.
The primary
version the Poles are using in Afghanistan is the Rosomak-M1.
This is the standard Rosomak IFV supplemented by steel/composite appliqué
armor in theater. The combination
of the advanced armor and the fact that the Rosomak is heavily-armed means that
Taliban and Al-Qaida forces in Afghanistan are reportedly quite dismayed upon
seeing Rosomaks arrive on a battlefield, and tend to retreat from Polish forces
using them; the Taliban and Al-Qaida call the Rosomak-M1 the “Green Devil.”
The appliqué armor does, however, add considerable weight to the
Rosomak-M1, and it is no longer amphibious, though it is capable of fording in
excess of 1.5 meters. (The
Rosomak-M1 retains the rings, bilge pumps, and propulsion equipment, though the
propellers are removed, allowing for a backwards conversion in the future.) The
Rosomak-M1 is also equipped with an additional long-range radio, a wire cutter
in front of both the commander’s and driver’s stations to protect them from
low-hanging wires or obstacles, and video cameras (with night vision) allowing
the commander, gunner, and driver to see the sides and rear of the vehicle using
LCD screens. The Rosomak-M1 is
equipped with the Pilar system, similar to the American Boomerang fire direction
detection system; this system uses a set of external directional microphones
tied to a special computer which allows the commander to determine the direction
and range of where incoming fire is coming from within 25 meters, as long as the
origin point of the incoming fire is within a kilometer of the vehicle.
The success of determining this information is a task (Difficult:
Intelligence roll), done by the commander or whoever is manning the commander’s
station at the time (assuming he knows how to use the system).
Another APC
version the Poles are using in Afghanistan is the Rosomak-M3.
This is a simpler APC version, equipped with a simple one-man open-topped
turret called the OSS-D. This
version does not have the Obra system nor the Pilar system, though it does have
appliqué armor similar to that of the Rosomak-M1, the additional radio, the wire
cutters, and the side and rear video cameras.
The gunner and commander can use these cameras even though they aren’t in
a conventional turret, and also have night vision of their own. The turret is
armed with either of two heavy machineguns or an automatic grenade launcher.
Needless to say, the turret has no overpressure system, though a hatch
may be closed and the turret operated remotely.
Other versions
in service include the Rosomak-WEM armored ambulance (equipped as per the
Finnish version above), and the Rosomak-S ATGM team vehicle which carries two
dismount teams armed with Israeli-made Spike ATGM launchers and extra ammunition
for them. Future APC-type versions of the Rosomak include the Rosomak-WD command
version. The Poles also plan to
field the Rosomak-Lowcza model, which is set up for a tactical air control party
(similar to the command version except for the mix of its radios, and in having
an integral laser designator and rangefinder along with night vision equipment
in a raisable-mast pod).
Rosomak-M1s in
Afghanistan have endured repeated hits by RPG-7s, small arms, and heavy
machinegun fire in the same combat and kept fighting.
They have hit large IEDs and mines and not been destroyed.
The Poles have not lost a Rosomak (of any type) in Afghanistan, nor has
anyone inside a Rosomak been killed.
South
African Versions
The South
African
Hoefyster (Badger) will be primarily an ICV version, equipped with a Denel
Modular Turret armed with an autocannon and machinegun coaxial, as well as a
small mortar mounted in the roof of the turret, firing to the rear of the
turret. As such, it is currently
the most heavily-armed IFV version of the XA-360.
Other versions to be used by South Africa are command, ambulance, mortar
carrier, and ATGM variants (the first two are the same as the Finnish versions
in game terms, and the two latter will be covered elsewhere).
The majority of Hoefysters will be built in South Africa by Denel under
license. South Africa may
eventually become the second largest user of the XA-360, with an expected 374 in
service by 2016, completely replacing the Ratel for most purposes; however,
South Africa is reportedly rethinking the amount of Hoefysters, citing the costs
of the acquisition. The turret is a
two-man turret. The Hoefyster will feature a CITS for the commander, giving the
Hoefyster a hunter/killer capability.
They will carry an unusually-large (for the XA-360) amount of ammunition,
due to the mortar which is carried, and a correspondingly smaller amount of
troops.
UAE Versions
The UAE has not
yet gotten the XA-360 in service, though they have ordered 15 special chassis
for evaluation purposes. The
proposed UAE IFV version is the most radical, with the chassis and wheelbase
lengthened and the vehicle topped by the complete turret of the BMP-3, which the
UAE already uses in a version with thermal imaging.
It will be the heaviest-armed XA-360 if it enters service, which is not
certain as the UAE is also testing other vehicles for the role. It will also, of
course, be the heaviest model of the XA-360. Acquisition of a mortar turret
version and a command version are also being discussed; these will not have the
lengthened hulls. The UAE may also
field a version with a 30mm autocannon turret.
Twilight 2000
Notes: The XA-360 does not exist in the Twilight 2000 timeline.
Vehicle |
Price |
Fuel Type |
Load |
Veh Wt |
Crew |
Mnt |
Night Vision |
Radiological |
XA-360 ICV |
$126,847 |
D, A |
2.5 tons |
20 tons |
3+9 |
14 |
Passive IR (D, G), Image Intensification (G, C) |
Shielded |
XA-360 ICV w/Appliqué |
$129,249 |
D, A |
2.4 tons |
20.4 tons |
3+9 |
14 |
Passive IR (D, G), Image Intensification (G, C) |
Shielded |
XA-360 IFV |
$138,682 |
D, A |
2 tons |
22 tons |
3+8 |
16 |
Passive IR (D, G), Image Intensification (G, C) |
Shielded |
XA-360 IFV w/Appliqué |
$150,252 |
D, A |
1.8 tons |
22.5 tons |
3+8 |
16 |
Passive IR (D, G), Image Intensification (G, C) |
Shielded |
Svarun w/OWS |
$138,676 |
D, A |
2.5 tons |
20 tons |
3+9 |
14 |
Passive IR (D, G), Image Intensification (G, C) |
Shielded |
Svarun w/OWS & Appliqué |
$141,078 |
D, A |
2.4 tons |
20.4 tons |
3+9 |
14 |
Passive IR (D, G), Image Intensification (G, C) |
Shielded |
KTO Rosomak |
$195,037 |
D, A |
2.9 tons |
20 tons |
3+8 |
15 |
Passive IR (D, G), Image Intensification (G, C), Thermal Imaging (G) |
Shielded |
KTO Rosomak-M1 |
$216,845 |
D, A |
1.7 tons |
22.8 tons |
3+8 |
18 |
Passive IR (D, G, C, Sides, Rear), Image Intensification (G, C), Thermal
Imaging (G) |
Shielded |
KTO Rosomak-M3 |
$68,844 |
D, A |
2 tons |
21.6 tons |
3+9 |
15 |
Passive IR (D, G, C, Sides, Rear) |
Shielded |
Hoefyster ICV |
$263,209 |
D, A |
1.6 tons |
23.3 tons |
3+7 |
19 |
Passive IR (D, G), Image Intensification (G, C), Thermal Imaging (G, C) |
Shielded |
XA-360 (UAE) |
$1,266,527 |
D, A |
1.1 tons |
25.6 tons |
3+8 |
18 |
Passive IR (D, G, C), Image Intensification (G), Thermal Imaging (G), IR
Searchlight (C) |
Shielded |
XA-360 Command |
$452,997 |
D, A |
1.2 tons |
22 tons |
2+4 |
17 |
Passive IR (D) |
Shielded |
XA-360 Ambulance |
$150,251 |
D, A |
1.2 tons |
20.8 tons |
****** |
15 |
Passive IR (D) |
Shielded |
Rosomak-Lowcza |
$278,103 |
D, A |
1.2 tons |
22 tons |
4 |
17 |
Passive IR (D), Image Intensification (Mast), Thermal Imaging (Mast) |
Shielded |
Vehicle |
Tr Mov |
Com Mov |
Fuel Cap |
Fuel Cons |
Config |
Susp |
Armor |
XA-360 ICV/Svarun w/OWS |
199/100 |
46/23/5 |
810 |
294 |
CiH |
W(8) |
TF4 TS4
TR4 HF15Cp
HS8Cp HR6Sp* |
XA-360 ICV w/Appliqué/Svarun w/OWS & Appliqué |
196/98 |
45/23/5 |
810 |
300 |
CiH |
W(8) |
TF4 TS4
TR4 HF19Cp
HS10Cp HR8Sp** |
XA-360 IFV |
183/92 |
42/21/4 |
810 |
323 |
Trtd |
W(8) |
TF8Cp TS5Sp
TR4 HF15Cp
HS8Cp HR6Sp* |
XA-360 IFV w/Appliqué |
179/90 |
41/21/4 |
810 |
329 |
Trtd |
W(8) |
TF10Cp TS7Sp
TR5 HF19Cp
HS10Cp HR8Sp** |
KTO Rosomak |
199/100 |
46/23/5 |
810 |
294 |
Trtd |
W(8) |
TF6Sp TS5Sp
TR4 HF13Cp
HS6Cp HR6Sp* |
KTO Rosomak-M1 |
175/88 |
40/20 |
810 |
335 |
Trtd |
W(8) |
TF12Cp TS9Cp
TR6 HF22Cp
HS12Cp HR8Sp*** |
KTO Rosomak-M3 |
185/93 |
40/20 |
810 |
318 |
CiH |
W(8) |
TF3 TS3
TR3 HF22Cp
HS12Cp HR8Sp**** |
Hoefyster ICV |
171/86 |
40/20 |
810 |
344 |
Trtd |
W(8) |
TF8Sp TS5Sp TR4
HF15Cp HS8Cp
HR6Sp** |
XA-360 (UAE) |
149/75 |
35/17 |
810 |
391 |
Trtd |
W(8) |
TF12Sp TS6Sp
TR4
HF15Cp HS8Cp
HR6Sp** |
XA-360 Command/Rosomak-Lowcza |
183/92 |
42/21/4 |
810 |
323 |
Stnd |
W(8) |
HF15Cp HS8Cp
HR6Sp* |
XA-360 Ambulance |
191/96 |
44/22/4 |
810 |
306 |
Stnd |
W(8) |
HF15Cp HS8Cp
HR6Sp* |
Vehicle |
Fire Control |
Stabilization |
Armament |
Ammunition |
XA-360 ICV |
+3 |
Good |
NSVT or M-2HB or Mk 19 AGL |
1100x12.7mm or .50, or 350x40mm |
XA-360 IFV |
+3 |
Good |
30mm Mk 44 Autocannon, MAG |
550x30mm, 1700x7.62mm |
Svarun w/OWS |
+3 |
Good |
30mm
Mk 44 Autocannon |
550x30mm |
KTO Rosomak/Rosomak-M1 |
+4 |
Good |
30mm Mk 44 Autocannon, PKT |
550x30mm, 1700x7.62mm |
KTO Rosomak-M3 |
+1 |
Basic |
WKM-B or Mk 19 |
1100x12.7mm or 350x40mm |
Hoefyster |
+3***** |
Good***** |
30mm
Mk 44, MG-4, 60mm M-1 Mortar |
450x30mm, 1400x7.62mm, 30x60mm Mortar Shells |
XA-360 (UAE) |
+2 |
Good |
100mm 2A70 Gun, 2A72 30mm Autocannon, PKT |
40x100mm, 8xAT-10 ATGM, 500x30mm, 4000x7.62mm |
XA-360 Command/Rosomak-Lowcza |
None |
None |
NSVT, WKM-B, or M-2HB (C) |
1100x12.7mm or .50 |
*Roof armor for this version is 5Sp; Floor armor is 8Sp.
**Roof armor for this version is 5Sp; Floor armor is 10Sp.
***Roof armor for this version is 6Sp; Floor armor is 12Sp.
**** Hull Roof armor for this version is 6Sp; Floor armor is 12Sp.
There is no Turret Roof, however.
*****The Fire Control and Stabilization mods do not apply to the mortar.
******See Notes for Crew and passenger capacity.